Use of the Internet in Education
Monday, June 07, 2004
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Writing for the World Wide Web
http://www.writing.uct.ac.za/design/Writing%20for%20the%20World%20Wide%20Web%20summary.doc
Tuesday, June 01, 2004
Friday, May 28, 2004
Media and Learning Debate
Media and Learning Debate: "Back to Articles
Media and Learning: A Review of the Debate
Ramona R. Materi, BA, MPA
Ingenia Training
www.ingenia-training.com
Copyright Ingenia Training and Consulting International 2000-2001
The media and learning debate in distance education has carried on for several decades. It is an important discussion, since educational institutions and private companies spend millions of dollars on technology annually. They need to know if they can gain learning benefits from employing a specific medium to deliver instruction.
This paper reviews the work of Richard Clark and Robert Kozma, who take opposite positions in the debate. It then examines the work of Jack Koumi, and predicts how Clark and Kozma might react to his argument that some researchers promote a 'false equipotentiality' of technologies.
'It All Depends on Teachers': The Theories of Richard Clark
Clark lays out his basic position in Reconsidering Research on Learning from Media (1983). After reviewing research studies from 1912 to the early 1980s, he concludes that instructional designers gain no learning benefits from employing a specific medium to deliver instruction. Any performance or time saving gains researchers observe, he says, are the result of uncontrolled instructional methods or novelty.
Clark uses an analogy of a delivery truck to explain his position. Instructional media, he says, '�are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement any more than the truck that delivers our groceries causes changes in our nutrition' (p 445).
What then, influences learning? In Clark�s view, media, and the systems of symbols used with them provide 'operational vehicles for methods that reflect the cognitive processes necessary to perform a given learning task' ("
clark kozma Technology, Media, and Distance Education
Technology, Media, and Distance Education: "3. There has been much debate over whether or not media influence learning. Summarize this debate and state your opinion.
Research on the influence of media on learning has been a topic of educators since Thorndike (1912) recommended pictures as a labor-saving device in instruction. The hope in this research is to increase learning through the right combination of media, subject matter, and learner characteristics. The debate between Richard Clark and Robert Kozma on this subject is well-known is the annals of media comparison. Other researchers who have contributed to the debate include Grabowski (1989), Lumsdaine (1963), Glaser and Cooley (193), Levie and Dickie (1973), Mielke (1968), Schramm (1977) and Schultz (1988).
The Clark-Kozma debate begin in the Winter of 1983 with Clark's article 'Reconsidering Research on Learning from Media.' In this article, Clark persuasively argues that there are 'no learning benefits to be gained from employing any specific medium to deliver instruction.' Based on a meta-analysis of existing research on media comparison studies, Clark concludes that media are merely delivery vehicles for instruction and do not directly influence learning. In an eloquent delivery truck analogy Clark states that 'media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement any more than the truck that delivers our groceries causes changes in our nutrition. Basically, the choice of vehicle might influence the cost or extent of distributing instruction, but only the content of the vehicle can influence achievement.' Where learner gains have been found, Clark presents compelling rival hypotheses. These hypotheses include: (1) instructional method or content differences between treatments that are compared, (2)"
Tuesday, May 18, 2004
Searching the Web: New Domains for Inquiry Reading Online - The December 1999 Technology Column from JAAL
Reading Online - The December 1999 Technology Column from JAAL: "Searching the Web: New Domains for Inquiry "
Reading Online - Electronic Classroom: March 1999 Technology Column from JAAL Challenges for the Evaluation of New Information and Communication Techn
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